Suggest ways in which heat that flows in or out of the house can be minimized.

There are many different ways in which we can prevent
transfer of heat across the interior of a house and its environment. All these methods
aim to increase the insulation effect offered by walls, roof, doors and windows of the
house.

Conduction of heat through walls can be reduced by
making the wall thick, making them with material with high thermal insulation
properties, or lining them with insulation material. It is also possible to increase
thermal insulation effect by making leaving some hollow space within the wall or between
wall and the insulating material.

Roofs can be made provide
better insulation in the same way as walls. One specific mathod of providing better
insulation is to use falce ceilings.

Doors and windows can
also be made thicker and of better insulating material. Wherever glazed windows or other
glazed structures are used, thermal insulation can be increased by using double walled
glass.

It is possible to reduce extreme variations in
temperatures parts of house by constructing underground chambers. These remain
comparatively cool in summer, and warm in winters.

In
addition to above methods, which are based on structural design of house, keeping the
doors and windows closed also helps to prevent heat
transfer.

Also if the objective is to prevent heating
entering the house, rather than prevent both ways conduction of heat, additional
measures can be adopted to prevent the effect of radiation heat. Some of these measures
include, using light colour exterior paints, using blinds on windows, using reflecting
glass and providing a net shade above the roof that reduces radiation reaching the roof,
with minimum restriction of air circulation for cooling.