Friday, September 19, 2014

How does Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream fit in with the context of pastoral literature?

Pastoral literature idealizes
life in nature, specifically the life of a shepherd out tending his sheep in the pastor.
Pastoral literature typically speaks of love, death, and various social issues. In the
sense that A Midsummer Night's Dream primarily deals with the topic
of love, we can say that it represents pastoral literature.
We can see the reference to the forest, in both the very beginning and the very end of
the play, as a happy, ideal state in nature, much like a pastor. We can also see
Oberon as symbolizing a
shepherd in the fact that he looks after the four Athenian
lovers and creates for them an ideal state of love. However, Shakespeare also portrays
the forest as a chaotic, even nightmarish place while the
city of Athens is the more rational, peaceful state of existence, and in this sense,
A Midsummer Night's Dream cannot be
referred to as pastoral literature.

In the beginning of the play,
Hermia and Lysander run into the woods to escape the harsh social injustices of the
city. Hermia is being forced by her father to marry Demetrius upon threat of punishment,
either through death or being sent to a convent, in accordance with the ancient law of
Athens, referred to as the "ancient privilege of Athens" (I.i.42). Since Duke Theseus is
upholding this law, and Duke Theseus represents the court, we can see that escaping into
the woods resembles pastoral literature. Escaping into the woods is like escaping into
the country and running away from the harsh laws of the
court.

However, Shakespeare makes a switch. Suddenly peaceful nature
becomes nightmarish when Puck mistakes Lysander for
Demetrius, making Lysander fall in love with Helena and out of love
with Hermia. The nightmare continues when Oberon attempts to fix Puck's mistake by
making Demetrius fall in love with Helena as well, which was Oberon's initial aim. This
state is a nightmare for Hermia because suddenly the love of her life now prefers
another woman over her. It is a nightmare for Helena because, even though two men now
love her when before neither man loved her, she believes they are mocking her and
believes her best friend is in on the plot, as we see in her line, "Lo, she is one of
this confederacy!" (III.ii.195). The fact that nature has become a nightmare rather than
an ideal state shows us that in this manner, the play does
not fit in with pastoral literature.

However, the ideal state is recreated in the woods once Puck and
Oberon finally unite the lovers as they should be. This ideal state continues when
Theseus decrees that both couples should be married. Nevertheless, the couples do not
return to the woods but rather return to the city, showing us that ultimately, contrary
to pastoral literature, Shakespeare is portraying the city as what can be the ultimate,
peaceful, rational state once the unjust laws are overruled.

No comments:

Post a Comment

In Act III, scene 2, why may the establishment of Claudius's guilt be considered the crisis of the revenge plot?

The crisis of a drama usually proceeds and leads to the climax.  In Shakespeare's Hamlet , the proof that Claudius is guilty...