First of all, 1870s can't be right -- there were no
Federalists by then. I think you probably mean 1780s.
The
national government means what we often call the federal government or the government in
Washington DC. That is as opposed to the governments of the individual
states.
The Federalists were in favor of having the
national government be very powerful. They thought it ought to have more power and the
state governments should have less. The Federalists were led by people like Alexander
Hamilton. The Democratic-Republicans were led by Thomas
Jefferson.
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