Afghanistan was ruled by king Nadir till 1931 when he adopted a new constitution and began a program of reforms. But he was assassinated in 1933, and his son Muhammad Zahir became king.
In 1953, Muhammad Daoud Khan, became prime minister of Afghanistan. Under him, Afghanistan remained neutral in the cold war. Due to internal politics he was forced to resign in 1963. in 1964, Afghanistan adopted a constitution with a democratic government. But King Zahir and the legislature could not agree on a reform programme. and, a democratic system failed to develop.
In 1973, Daoud led a military revolt overthrowing King Zahir. and established the Republic of Afghanistan with himself as president and prime minister. In 1978, rival left-wing military leaders and civilians staged a revolt in which Daoud was killed. This group, aided by the Soviet Union, took control of the government and introduced communistic policies. Many people of Afghanistan opposed the new government, believing that government policies conflicted with teachings of Islam. Large numbers of people joined in a rebellion against the government and a widespread fighting broke out between the rebels and government forces.
In this internal conflict Soviet Union supported the government with communist leanings and in late 1979 and early 1980, sent thousands of troops. to Afghanistan to support the government against the fight with rebels. This resulted in a lengthy conflict between Soviet troops and Afghan rebels. However, the government failed to achieve a decisive victory In 1988, the Soviet Union began withdrawing its troops from Afghanistan. completing it in February 1989.
But the fighting between the mujaheddin and the government forces continued until April 1992, when the rebels overthrew the government. Following the overthrow, several factions of the rebels agreed to set up a transitional government. However, fighting continued in the country as the different factions competed for power.
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