How does Dr. Jekyll conclude that "man is not truly one, but truly two"?

In chapter 10 of Robert Louis Stevenson's Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, the central topic of human duality is partially discussed as Jekyll says the phrase

“man is not truly one, but truly two,”

At the most basic level, what this quote means is that Jekyll agrees with his contemporary peers in the idea that all individuals have a good and a bad side, and that each is independent from one another.

Let's briefly mention that the duality of men was a hot topic throughout the entire 19th century. Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde was published in 1886, which is 68 years after Mary Shelley published Frankenstein, and 15 after Charles Darwin published the fascinating The Descent of Man. All three of these publications are intertwined by the essential questions: a) Who are we, really?  b) What are we supposed to be?,  c) Are we supposed to be "this or that"? and, d) What is our life meant to be?

As a result of the social changes, Victorian literature often attempted to go in depth with the study of human behavior. A lot of paradigms and constructs had been shaken from their foundation. The influence of the Industrial Revolution, Darwin, Freud, the economy, science, and medicine, all together, caused the 19th century to literally see the world change, in a manner similar to how our modern society witnessed the world changing after the advent of the Internet. 

All this being said, at the time of Jekyll and Hyde, psychology was budding into a social science, and many ideas regarding human personality rocked the former idea that humans were entirely static, rather than dynamic.

When Jekyll ascertains that all individuals have the same capacity to be good and evil, at will, he is also saying that within each of us there is a battle between an "angel and a fiend".

The problem is that Dr. Jekyll's hypothesis is deeply flawed and does not match the statement that we are analyzing. His idea was to get a potion that would split the "angel" and the "fiend" that inhabits the individual so that they each act individually. The potion would take the fiend (Hyde) out of the "angel" (Dr. Jekyll) and each would be their own person. However, we know that Hyde had more power, and that eventually evil was gaining territory. Jekyll ended up creating a bad version of both.